UNLABELLED: Ultrafiltration membranes of 10,000 d, 1,000 d and 500 d were used to remove urinary macromolecules from the urine of normal subjects and from the urine of stone forming patients. The filtrated urines were examined for their residual inhibitory potential for calcium-oxalate precipitation, by the discrimination method of Sarig et al. (D.I. test). The results of testing the filtrate were complementary to the information gained by analyses of retentates obtained in successive ultrafiltration. The method has an inherent advantage because the manipulation of solids retained on membranes may inadvertantly modify their inhibitory potential. At least two distinct groups of inhibitors were found in 20 normal urines. The first group has MW above 10,000 d while the second group of inhibitors has MW in the range of 500-1,000 d. The mean of the D.I. values increased dramatically from the normal range (less than 0.6) to the stone former range (greater than 1.1) (p less than 0.001) after the 500 d filtration. Some of the normal urines, even after the 500 d filtration, still had a degree of inhibitory potential. This inhibitory potential may be related to the inorganic compounds which were found in the urines. The inhibitory activity of macromolecules with MW above 10,000 d and below 500 delta was negligible in 7 stone formers (SF) urines. The relative contribution of 500-1,000 d macromolecules is the highest both in SF and normal urines. CONCLUSIONS: 1) inhibitors in human urine are of wide range in MW; 2) stone formers and normals differ in the level of inhibitor activity at all MW ranges; especially in above 10,000 d and below inhibitors.[on SciFinder (R)]

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the extent of polymorphic transformations in pure cocoa butter in the presence of a food emulsifier. The spontaneous transformation from the low to the high polymorph was accelerated by low percentages of emulsifier, but the transformation to the most stable VI form was retarded. The available liq. fraction program was used to explain this apparent controversy. [on SciFinder(R)]

Fusion heats of 2 polymorphic forms, $Δ$H$\alpha$ and $Δ$H$\beta$, of triglycerides were measured. They were compared with corresponding measurements in the presence of a sorbitan monostearate [1338-41-6]. Results imply different effects of the emulsifier on long and short chains triglycerides with respect to phase transformation. [on SciFinder(R)]

Two distinct groups of macromol. inhibitors of Ca oxalate pptn. were found in the urine of healthy humans; one is \textgreater10,000 daltons, and the other is \textgreater500 but \textless1,000 daltons. The \textgreater10,000 dalton group was absent from the urine of stone formers. The data agrees with the hypothesis that several kinds of inhibitors are present in urine. [on SciFinder(R)]

The effects of solvent on the transition kinetics of polymorphic modifications of stearic acid were examd. in polar and nonpolar solns. Two typical polymorphs, B (low-temp. stable) and C (high-temp. stable), and the solvents (butanone, methanol, n-hexane, and decane) were studied. In all solns. the transitions from B to C and from C to B took place at temps. above and below 32°, at which the free energies of B and C have the same value, resp. The rates of the C → B transition were significantly dependent both on temp. and solvent. First, the transition rate was fastest between 22 and 26°. This was due to 2 conflicting factors; the free energy difference between B and C which decreases as the temp. approaches 32°, and the rates of dissoln. of C and growth of B which increase with temp.. Secondly, the solvent exclusively influenced the C → B transition; polar solvents, esp. methanol, caused a significantly more rapid transition than nonpolar solvents, the rates being relatively higher than those prediced by the soly. values. It was inferred that the different growth units (monomers in the polar solvents and dimers in the nonpolar ones) and the twisted lateral interface structures of the B polymorph would be responsible for the present solvent effect. [on SciFinder(R)]

The effect of primary emulsifier concn. (Span 80) in a system contg. Tween 80, mineral oil, and H2O on H2O transport due to an osmotic gradient was studied by a Coulter counter method. Diln. of W/O/W emulsions with dil. NaCl caused a decrease in multiple drop diam. due to loss of internal H2O. The primary mechanism appears to be micelle transport. [on SciFinder(R)]

Treatment with phosphates, thiazides and allopurinol was undertaken in 54 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers, 38 of whom were recurrent stone formers. The patients were followed up for 1 1/2 to 4 years (mean 2.6). During the same period at the pre-treatment stage the patients formed 80 stones, but during therapy only one stone was formed. A dynamic scheme of therapy was used. Each patient was tested before the start of drug treatment by the discriminant index (DI) method, which measures the overall inhibitory potential to calcium oxalate crystallisation. About 10 days after the start of treatment the DI was tested again. If the response was positive, therapy was continued; if not, the patient was given another drug. Adjustments were made as required. The stopping of stone formation correlated well with the DI prediction but less well with the hypocalciuric effect of the drugs.[on SciFinder (R)]

Polymorphic transitions between the cryst. forms 4, 5, and 6 of coca butter (m. 27.5, 33.8, and 36.3°, resp.) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction. The transitions were modified by surfactants of the Span and Tween type, mostly in favor of form 5. Expts. were also carried out on chocolate. There was little relation between polymorphic transition and bleaching. Bleaching seemed, however, related to the rate of cooling, and was due to the migration of a molten cocoa butter fraction to the surface. [on SciFinder(R)]

Surfactants prepd. by bromination of the double bonds of oleate groups of sorbitan monooleate (I), sorbitan trioleate (II), and polyoxyethylene derivs. of I and II were effective emulsifiers in the prepn. of oil-in-water emulsions. The HLB values of the brominated compds. were similar to those of starting compds. The use, formation, and the stability of emulsions were detd. [on SciFinder(R)]

Crystal size distribution and the yield of Ca oxalate crystals were detd. in solns. with an admixt. of 5 normal and 3 stone forming urines. A pos. correlation was found between the median size and no. of particles and the overall inhibitory potentials of the urines toward Ca oxalate pptn. in vitro as reflected by discriminating index (DI) [sic] measurements. Incubation of 2 samples of stone formers' (SF) urines with glutamic-oxalacetic-transaminase (GOT) caused a redn. of aspartic acid concn., an increase in glutamic acid concn. and a parallel decrease in the DI values. After 90 min of SF urine incubation with GOT the DI in three samples was improved and both the median size and no. of particles were reduced, by 28% and 45% resp. These results could indicate that GOT activity changes the inhibitory power of the SF urine by transforming aspartic acid into glutamic acid, having thus most probably a part in the inhibition of Ca oxalate stone formation. [on SciFinder(R)]

Orange essential oil was emulsified with water in the presence of various food additives (xanthan gum [11138-66-2], sorbitan monolaurate [1338-39-2], sorbitan monooleate [1338-43-8], ethoxylated sorbitan monooleate [9005-65-6], sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate [126-13-6], tragacanth gum [9000-65-1], and ester gum 8BG) and tested for light scattering quality, opacity, and stability, to det. the proper emulsifying agents for use in creating cloudy emulsions in soft drink manuf. Best results were obtained by using combinations of ester gums and the emulsifying agents. [on SciFinder(R)]

The exptl. conditions to maintain metastability in a soln. of Ca oxalate during 15 min were defined. Seed crystals of uric acid and Na urate were added, and the decrease in Ca ion concn. was measured by a Ca-selective electrode. Na urate crystals caused a decrease of ∼14%, while uric acid seeds were inactive. The growth of Ca oxalate on Na urate surface was confirmed by x-ray emission anal. When glutamic acid was added at 4-5 ppm concn. to the metastable soln. contg. uric acid seeds, a ∼28% Ca-concn. decrease was obsd. The pptn. of Ca oxalate on uric acid was confirmed by x-ray emission anal. A structural fit at an at. level between 2 solids, which is a necessary condition for epitaxy, is not sufficient for growth to occur. An addnl. factor, namely attraction at an ionic or mol. level, is also needed. It may be furnished by a mediating agent compatible with both solids. [on SciFinder(R)]

Multiple (water-in-oil-in water) emulsions were prepd. by homogenizing 30 parts 1% NaCl with 70 parts of light mineral oil contg. varying amts. of Brij 92 emulsifier and then adding 20 parts of this primary emulsion to 80 parts of 5% glucose contg. varying amts. of mixts. of Span 20 [1338-39-2] and Tween 80 [9005-65-6] to provide hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values of 9-15. At Tween-Span emulsifier mixt. concns. of 0.7-1.5% the yield of multiple emulsion was not affected by HLB value; droplet size detd. the yield. At emulsifier concns. \textgreater1.5% the yield decreased with increasing concn. at any HLB, related to a continuous decrease in multiple emulsion droplet size. Yields and emulsion stability were max. with an HLB value of 11 at emulsifier concns. \textgreater1.5%; at emulsifier mixt. concns. of 0.7-3% stability increased with increasing HLB value. Multiple emulsions are promising pharmaceutical forms. [on SciFinder(R)]

A high-performance liq. chromatog. method was used for the anal. of nonionic surfactants (oleyl and dibromostearyl alcs. ethoxylated with 1-20 oxyethylene units). The method involved the use of a Lichrosorb SI-60 (10 $μ$) column (4.6 mm internal diam., 25 cm long) with a hexane-MeOH-Me2CHOH mixt. as the mobile phase at 50° with UV detection at 220 nm. No derivatization of the ethoxylates was required. An improved baseline was achieved by adding anthracene to the eluents. [on SciFinder(R)]

High-performance liq. chromatog. was used to sep. and identify oleate and 9,10-dibromostearate esters of polyethylene glycols having various d.p. A Lichrosorb SI-60 (10 $μ$m) column was used with gradient elution (using a mixt. of iso-PrOH, MeOH, and hexane at 50°) and UV detection at 220 nm for the best sepn. of ethoxylates having d.p. ≤20. No derivatization of the ethoxylates was required. An improved baseline was obtained by adding negligible amts. of anthracene to the eluent. [on SciFinder(R)]

The optimal HLB for multiple emulsions was investigated and found dependent on the concns. of emulsifiers I and II. The shift of the optimal HLB at different emulsifier concns. is a result of the free emulsifier I which exists in the oil phase of the primary emulsion. A linear correlation between the optimal HLB, the concn. of emulsifier II, and the reciprocal concn. of emulsifier I is obsd. Yields of prepn. of the multiple emulsions were detd. by a chloride titrn. and cond. measurement, without using a dialysis cell. [on SciFinder(R)]

The reaction of Na stearate [822-16-2] with epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] in the presence of phase-transfer catalysts (tetraalkylammonium halides) gave 90% glycerol monostearate [31566-31-1] with purity 97%. The effect of reactant ratio, catalyst type and concn., and temp. were studied. An efficient, economical process was developed, including recycle of solvent and excess epichlorohydrin and recovery of 80% catalyst. The monoglycerides so prepd. are not food grade, but com. monoglycerides can be prepd. [on SciFinder(R)]

Correlation between the degree of satn. of both emulsifiers and vegetable oils has been examd. for a variety of water-in-oil (w/O) emulsions. Emulsions prepd. with unsatd. emulsifiers and highly unsatd. vegetable oils (contg. mainly oleic and linoleic acids) were more stable than those prepd. with some unsatd. emulsifiers and vegetable oils consisting of less unsatd. fatty acids. Moreover, emulsions prepd. with satd. emulsifiers and fully satd. oils have shown better stability than similar emulsions prepd. with less satd. oils. Since rigidity of the emulsifier and emulsifier-oil interactions on the film are dominant factors in stabilization of w/o emulsions, it is suggested to stabilize water in unsatd. vegetable oil emulsions using specially designed polyglycerol esters of dimerized soybean oil to achieve both requirements. [on SciFinder(R)]