Adsorption and redn. of interfacial tension caused by adsorption of nonionic ethoxylated nonyl phenols were studied in emulsion. A method for estg. adsorption and interfacial tension in emulsion was developed. There is no correlation between values of interfacial tension as measured in emulsified and sepd. and sepd. oil-water systems. Yet, there seems to be a significant correlation between adsorption values as measured in emulsified and sepd. oil-water systems. The values of max. adsorption of the emulsifiers as measured in the sepd. oil-water system correlate linearly with HLB values of these emulsifiers. Such correlation may indicate possible dependence of HLB values on emulsifier adsorption to the interface. [on SciFinder(R)]
High concentrations of phosphate, oxalate, and calcium ions in urine may cause formation of mineral deposits, i.e., urolithiasis. This is prevented in healthy individuals by substances present in trace quantities. However, there is no recognizable difference between normals and stone formers in urinary substance content. The enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase produce glutamic acid which retards calcium oxalate crystallization. The combined transaminase activity in 70 stone former urine samples was 12.2 +/- 4.1 IU and 31.9 +/- 10.7 IU for 47 normal controls. Incubation of stone former urine with glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase improved overall inhibitory potential, raised glutamic acid levels, and decreased aspartic acid concentrations. Correlation was established between the success of therapeutic treatment and the improvement of enzyme activity. The relative content of glutamic acid is low stone former urines and high in active inhibitory fractions of urinary materials. It is suggested that part of the mechanisms of prevention of stone formation is subjected to biological control.[on SciFinder (R)]
Bromination, chlorination and hydroxylation of the double bond in polyethylene glycol oleates and oleyl ethers and polyglycerol oleates were carried out. The products had higher sp. gr. and therefore can be used as weighting agents. Surface properties and the ability to emulsify water and oils did not change significantly. Phys. (sp. gr., viscosity, and refractive index) and surface properties (such as redn. of surface tension of water, crit. micelle concn. (CMC), area per mol. at the liq./air interface, efficiency and effectiveness were measured and compared to the corresponding unsatd. surfactants. The incorporated dibromo, dichloro, or dihydroxy groups diminish some of the surface properties of the surfactant, e.g. higher surface tension, higher CMC value, higher area per mol., and lower efficiency and effectiveness in comparison to the related unsatd. surfactants. This study confirmed early findings suggesting that oleyl ethoxylated surfactants behaved abnormally when compared to straight chain ethoxylated alcs. or acids or polyglycerol esters and that any derivatization in the hydrophobic chain would significantly alter surface properties. [on SciFinder(R)]
The effect of emulsifier type on the prepn. and stability of multiple emulsions was studied. The effect on the yield of prepn. and stability with regard to the hydrophile-lipophile balance of the 2nd emulsifier was different for each emulsifier. The best stabilities of the multiple emulsions were obtained when there was a similarity between the hydrophobic part of the emulsifier and the oil phase. [on SciFinder(R)]
The heats of soln. of Na octanoate in water, 1-propanol, and aq. mixts. of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-hexanol and of alcs. in aq. solns. of Na octanoate at various concns. were detd. calorimetrically at 35°. Most values are exothermic and strongly dependent on the solute concn. The main energetic factor governing the process of dissoln. of the surfactant is assocd. with changes in the water structure caused by the presence of alc. That governing the process of the alc. dissoln. in surfactant solns. is due to the effect alcs. have on the crit. micelle concn. of the octanoate. There is no indication of the alc. being either solubilized in the interior of the aq. micelle, or becoming part of the micellar firm. The soly. at 35° of Na octanoate in water, 1-propanol, and their mixts. was also detd. [on SciFinder(R)]
The possibility that an addnl. agent might be involved in the epitaxial growth of Ca oxalate on uric acid was investigated. Evidence for a preferential occurrence of epitaxy between Ca oxalate and Na urate is provided. Uric acid seeds failed to trigger Ca oxalate pptn.; however, when glutamic acid was present, Ca oxalate deposition on uric acid seeds was obsd. The relations of the data to Ca oxalate urinary stone formation in normocalciuric-hyperuricosuric patients and to allopurinol treatment are discussed. [on SciFinder(R)]